Pre-19th Century (Foundations)- 1600s–1700s – Early physicians occasionally removed tissue for gross inspection, but without microscopy or standardized methods, it was rarely diagnostic.
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Mid–Late 1800s- 1858 – Rudolf Virchow publishes Cellular Pathology, proving that disease originates in cells and establishing the rationale for tissue examination.
- 1879 – Ernest Henri Besnier (France) coins the term “biopsie” to describe removing small living tissue samples for microscopic evaluation, especially in dermatology.
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Early 1900s- 1905 – Martin & Ellis describe the first systematic needle aspiration biopsies of solid tumors.
- 1930s – Martin & Stewart (New York Memorial Hospital) develop fine-needle aspiration (FNA) as a minimally invasive diagnostic technique.
- 1931 – Helmuth Johannes Riegler performs one of the first percutaneous liver biopsies.
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Mid 20th Century- 1950s–1960s – Widespread adoption of core-needle biopsy for breast, prostate, and other solid organs.
- 1960s – Image guidance emerges: fluoroscopy and ultrasound begin to assist percutaneous biopsies.
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Late 20th Century
- 1970s–1980s – Computed Tomography (CT)-guided biopsy developed, allowing safe sampling of deep thoracic and abdominal lesions.
- 1990s – Vacuum-assisted breast biopsy devices introduced, reducing need for open surgical biopsy.
- 1990s–2000s – Widespread adoption of immunohistochemistry (IHC) on biopsy samples to guide targeted therapy.
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21st Century (Molecular Era)
- 2000s – Integration of molecular diagnostics (PCR, FISH) into routine biopsy workflows.
- 2010s – Next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels adopted in oncology, requiring optimized biopsy handling.
- 2010s–2020s – Liquid biopsy (ctDNA, CTCs, exosomes) introduced as a minimally invasive complement to tissue biopsy.
- 2020s – Tissue-stewardship strategies such as laser capture microdissection (LCM) and catchment systems like the Crow’s Nest™ address the problem of tissue exhaustion in molecular testing.